Color name generation from images and color palettes

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are provided for generating color names for colors corresponding to images and/or palettes. A color image is obtained, and one or more color palettes corresponding to the color image are identified. The color palette may be generated based on palette generation criteria, which may facilitate or control a palette generation process. Illustratively, the palette generation process may include image pre-processing, color distribution generation, representative color identification, palette candidate generation, and palette determination. A color name for each color identified in the color palette and/or the color image can be identified based at least in part on color name popularity information. Color name popularity information may be identified from color name-related voting results provided by a social network site. Aspects of the disclosure are further directed to processing the identified color name(s), such as updating color name metadata associated with the original color image and/or the color palette.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/369,636, entitled “COLOR NAME GENERATION FROM IMAGES AND COLORPALETTES” and filed on Dec. 5, 2016, which in turn is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/316,560, now U.S. Pat. No.9,514,543, entitled “COLOR NAME GENERATION FROM IMAGES AND COLORPALETTES” and filed on Jun. 26, 2014, the disclosure of which areincorporated herein by reference.

Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claimis identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the presentapplication are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.

BACKGROUND

In many computing-centric commerce models, consumers are able toefficiently view and purchase a wide variety of items (e.g., goodsand/or services) over computer networks. In many scenarios, a particularnetwork resource, such as a commerce network site, can present itemsassociated with various colors or color schemes. Often, individualsellers can provide color-related information about the item for sale,such as one or more color images depicting the item, as well ascorresponding color names or color scheme names.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages will becomemore readily appreciated as the same become better understood byreference to the following detailed description, when taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings. Throughout the drawings,reference numbers may be re-used to indicate correspondence betweenreferenced elements. The drawings are provided to illustrate exampleembodiments described herein and are not intended to limit the scope ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an operatingenvironment including an image processing service for palette generationbased on color images and for color name generation based on colorimages and color palettes.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of examplecomponents of computing system capable of providing the image processingservice utilized in accordance with the operating environment of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a palettegeneration routine implemented by the image processing service.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a colordistribution generation subroutine implemented by the image processingservice.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a representativecolor identification subroutine implemented by the image processingservice.

FIG. 6 is a simplified example of a color image depicting a plurality ofcolors.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a color namegeneration routine implemented by the image processing service.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a validationroutine implemented by the image processing service.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally described, the present disclosure corresponds to methods andsystems for color image and/or color palette processing. In manyoccasions, the host of a commerce or other network or site, amerchandise provider or vendor utilizing the site, or a consumervisiting the site may wish to extract representative colors from colorimages to facilitate sales of items associated with various colors. Forexample, color matching items can be promoted for sale. Aspects of thepresent disclosure relate to generating color palettes, which arecollections of representative colors each optionally associated withweight or other metadata, based on color images. Various factors canfacilitate the generation of color palettes, for example, colorstandardization or binning, color distance formulae, popularity ofcolors or color palettes among a group of users, color identificationalgorithms, subjects depicted by color images or other related metadata.

In accordance with an illustrative embodiment, an image processingservice obtains a color image depicting one or more items, a design, ascene, or the like, and generates one or more palettes based on palettegeneration criteria. The palette generation criteria can be input by aconsumer, a host of a commerce or other network site, a merchandiseprovider or vendor, a designer, an artist, or the like. Alternatively,or in addition, the palette generation criteria can be automaticallygenerated by a computing device or system. The palette generationcriteria may indicate various preferences, factors, parameters,thresholds, or requirements that facilitate or control a palettegeneration process.

Illustratively, the palette generation process may include variouselements such as image pre-processing, color distribution generation,representative color identification, palette candidate generation, andpalette determination. For example, the color image can be pre-processedprior to the generation of a color distribution or identification ofrepresentative colors. The pre-processing can include de-noising,normalization, down sampling, area-marking, or the like. Illustratively,a color distribution can be generated based on color valuescorresponding to each pixel of the color image. Color standardization orbinning can facilitate the generation of color distribution.Representative colors can then be identified based on the colordistribution. For example, colors that are most distant from one anotheras measured by certain color distance formula can be identified asrepresentative colors. As another example, representative colors can beidentified by taking into account color popularity information providedby third parties, such as color-related voting results provided by asocial network site. One or more thresholds can be utilized in theidentification of representative colors to facilitate color merging orweighting. A selection of the identified representative colors withassociated weight or other metadata may constitute a palette candidatecorresponding to specific threshold settings as indicated by palettegeneration criteria. In some embodiments, multiple palette candidatescan be generated by changing the threshold settings. Eventually, apalette can be determined by examining one or more palette candidates.This determination can be achieved manually, for example, based on userpreference or by user voting. This determination can also be achievedautomatically as an optimization of a function between certainattributes of palette candidates and their corresponding settings ofpalette generation criteria.

Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to generating colornames for colors corresponding to images and/or palettes. Yet furtheraspects relate to generation of a searchable color name database. Otheraspects relate to identifying missing color names from images and/orcolor palettes and supplementing metadata associated with the imagesand/or color palettes with the missing color names. Still furtheraspects relate to validating color names provided as part of a usersearch query or as originally associated with an image and/or a colorpalette with preferred color names for colors in the corresponding imageand/or palette. In one embodiment, color names can be identified, atleast in part, by taking into account color name popularity information,which in some instances can be provided by third parties, such as colorname-related voting results provided by a social network site.

Overview of an Example Embodiment

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an image processing environment 100that can implement the features described herein in the context of anexample image processing service 102. In some embodiments, the imageprocessing environment 100 includes the image processing service 102, acommerce service 106, a palette data store 110, an item data store 112,a color name data store 114, a network 120, image source providers 130,third party users 140, and color data providers 150. In someembodiments, various components of the image processing environment 100are communicatively interconnected with one another via the network 120.The image processing environment 100 may include different components, agreater or fewer number of components, and can be structureddifferently. For example, there can be more than one data store or othercomputing devices in connection with the image processing service 102.As another example, components of the image processing environment 100may communicate with one another with or without the network 120.

The image processing service 102 can correspond to any system capable ofperforming the associated processes described herein. The imageprocessing service 102 may be implemented by one or more computingdevices. For example, the image processing service 102 may beimplemented by computing devices that include one or more processors toexecute one or more instructions, memory, and communication devices totransmit and receive data over the network 120. In some embodiments, theimage processing service 102 is implemented on one or more backendservers capable of communicating over a network. In other embodiments,the image processing service 102 is implemented by one or more virtualmachines in a hosted computing environment (e.g., a “cloud computingenvironment”). The hosted computing environment may include one or moreprovisioned and released computing resources, which computing resourcesmay include computing, networking or storage devices.

In one aspect, the image processing service 102 can correspond to one ormore applications that perform, individually or in combination, theimage processing functions described herein, including imagepre-processing, color distribution generation, representative coloridentification, palette candidate generation, palette determination,color name determination based at least in part on color name popularityinformation, generation of a searchable color name database, validationof color names associated with an image and/or a color palette, etc. Inother aspects, the image processing service 102 may be configured tostore or update palettes at the palette data store 110 or color names atthe color name data store 114. In some embodiments, the image processingservice 102 is associated with a network or network-based merchandiseprovider or vendor. The image processing service 102 may access andprocess images from the item data store 112, provided by merchandisersor other parties for posting on a network site, for example on a networkpage (e.g., a Web page) presenting details regarding a particularitem(s) (an “item detail page”) and from which consumers can purchasethe item. In yet other embodiments, the images are provided byconsumers, provided by third party image data stores, or provided byother image sources.

The image processing service 102 may be communicatively connected to thepalette data store 110. The palette data store 110 can generally includeany repository, database, or information storage system that can storepalette data and associated metadata. The palette data stored in thepalette data store 110 can be collections of colors, includingcollections of colors generated by a user and/or system based at leastin part on human color preferences, optionally with associated weight(s)and dates of creation(s). Palette data can be of various formats, suchas lists, vectors, arrays, matrices, etc. Metadata can be associatedwith individual palettes, for purposes of indicating their format, tags,associations, sources, popularity, date(s)/time(s) of creation/editing,geolocation data, last update time, semantics, features, conditions,associated demographics (e.g., geographical region, age, gender, ethnicgroup, religion, culture, language, dialect, etc. of users that providedinput used in creating the palette), or the like. For example, metadatacan link a palette to a corresponding color image from which the paletteis derived. Alternatively, or in addition, metadata may indicate acategory or a position in a taxonomy associated with the correspondingcolor image. As another example, metadata may indicate patterns,colocations, or other attributes of spatial distribution of palettecolors within the corresponding color image. Illustratively, metadatamay indicate whether palette colors appear adjacent to one another,whether palette colors are displayed in a scattered or concentratedform, whether the locations of areas showing palette colors arecorrelated, or the like. The color palettes may have been ranked orvoted on by people to indicate which combinations of colors are morepreferable, visually appealing, popular, or the like. Such rankingand/or votes may be stored and may be used to weight color palettes.

The commerce service 106 may provide an electronic catalog to whichthird party users 140 may be provided access via respective userdevices. For example, the commerce service 106 may provide network pagesthat each provides relevant details regarding a particular item(s)(“item detail pages”). A given item detail page may include detailedinformation regarding an item (e.g., an item being offered for sale),such as one or more images, descriptive text, color name(s), a price,weight, size options, reviews of the item by other users or byprofessional reviewers, alternative similar items, and/or otherinformation. The item detail page may also include controls via whichthe user can select among various versions of the item (e.g., size,color, etc.), and a purchase control via which the user can initiatepurchase of the item (e.g., by adding the item to a shopping cart). Thecommerce service 106 may also provide third party users 140 withinterfaces via which the user can request recommendations and submitqueries, such as color-related recommendations and search queries.

While a commerce environment is often used as an example herein, it willbe appreciated that the image processing service 102, as disclosedherein, may be used in a variety of environments other than a commerceenvironment. For example, aspects of the present disclosure, in someembodiments, may be used and/or implemented to efficiently name colors,affiliated colors and color palettes for consumers, merchandisers,designers, architects, artists, landscapers, developers, gamers,students, etc. for virtually any purpose. Without limitation, aspects ofthe present disclosure may be used for efficient generation of colornames for use in social networking contexts, digital photo albums,digital news articles, artistic works, content generation,design/architectural drawings, etc., just to name a few practical,non-limiting examples.

The network 120 may include any suitable combination of networkinghardware and protocols necessary to establish communications within theimage processing environment 100. For example, the network 120 mayinclude private networks such as local area networks (LANs) or wide areanetworks (WANs) as well as public or private wireless networks,satellite networks, cable networks, cellular networks, or the Internet.In such an embodiment, the network 120 may include hardware (e.g.,modems, routers, switches, load balancers, proxy servers, etc.) andsoftware (e.g., protocol stacks, accounting software, firewall/securitysoftware, etc.) that establishes networking links within the imageprocessing environment 100. Additionally, the network 120 may implementone of various communication protocols for transmitting data betweencomponents of the image processing environment 100.

The image processing service 102 may be further communicativelyconnected to the item data store 112. The item data store 112 may beassociated with one or more network sites and systems, such as acommerce network site providing the commerce service 106 and the imageprocessing service 102, and/or third party merchandise providers orvendors that may market items via the commerce service 106. The itemdata store 112 may be associated with any computing device(s) that canfacilitate communication with the image processing service 102 via thenetwork 120. Such computing devices can generally include servers,desktops, laptops, wireless mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, PDAs,tablets, wearable computing devices, or the like), game platforms orconsoles, electronic book readers, television set-top boxes, televisions(e.g., internet TVs), and computerized appliances, to name a few.Further, such computing devices can implement any type of software (suchas a browser or a mobile media application) that can facilitate thecommunications described above.

The item data store 112 may have metadata/keywords that identify and/ordescribe the respective items. By way of example, the item data 112 maystore item records for respective items in one or more electroniccatalogs including unique item identifiers, such as Universal ProductCodes (UPC), European Article Numbers (EAN), International Standard BookNumbers (ISBN), and/or other identifiers. By way of further example, theitem metadata may indicate the item type and/or category, such as“dress” and “clothing,” or “blender” and “kitchen appliance.” Inaddition, the item metadata may include text or another identifier(sometimes referred to herein as a “color name”) identifying one or morecolors of the item or of versions of the item, such as “red,” “orange,”“blue,” etc. The metadata may further include such information as brand.Other data, such as price, may be included as metadata or otherwise madeaccessible. Still further, a given item record may include one or moreimages of the item, where the image may be associated with metadata(e.g., identifying items in the image by item type, item category,unique identifier, identifying associated color palettes, identifyingassociated color names, etc.). Certain keywords may not identify a colorexplicitly, but may be suggestive of a color (e.g., “summery,” “formal,”“wintery,” etc.). Item record data may have been provided by an operatorof a commerce or other network site, by consumers, merchandisers,vendors, third party data stores, artists, designers, color providers,and/or other sources. As used herein, the term “item,” in addition tohaving its ordinary meaning, is used interchangeably to refer to an itemitself (e.g., a particular product) and to its description orrepresentation in a computer system or electronic catalog. As will beapparent from the context in which it is used, the term is alsosometimes used herein to refer only to the item itself or only to itsrepresentation in the computer system.

Yet further, the image processing service 102 is communicativelyconnected to the color name store 114. The color name store 114 cangenerally include any repository, database, or information storagesystem that can store color name data and, in some embodiments,associated metadata. The color name store 114 may be associated with anycomputing device(s) that can facilitate communication with the imageprocessing service 102 via the network 120. Such computing devices cangenerally include servers, desktops, laptops, wireless mobile devices(e.g., smart phones, PDAs, tablets, wearable computing devices, or thelike), game platforms or consoles, electronic book readers, televisionset-top boxes, televisions (e.g., internet TVs), and computerizedappliances, to name a few. Further, such computing devices can implementany type of software (such as a browser or a mobile media application)that can facilitate the communications described above.

The color name data stored in the color name store 114 can becollections of associations of color names with other color identifiers,as well as date(s) of creation or other metadata corresponding to theassociations. Color name data can be of various formats, such as lists,vectors, arrays, matrices, etc. Metadata can be associated withindividual color name associations for purposes of textually indicatingcolor name(s) and associating these color name(s) with other coloridentifier(s), and optionally indicating their format, tags,associations, sources, popularity, date(s)/time(s) of creation/editing,geolocation data, last update time, semantics, features, conditions,associated demographics (e.g., geographical region, age, gender, ethnicgroup, religion, culture, language, dialect, etc. of users that providedinput used in generating the color names), or the like.

The image source providers 130 may correspond to hosts of a commerce orother network site, merchandise providers or vendors, designers,photographers, artists, social network sites, or the like, and can beassociated with any computing device(s) that can facilitatecommunication with the image processing service 102 via the network 120.Such computing devices can generally include wireless mobile devices(e.g., smart phones, PDAs, tablets, wearable computing devices, or thelike), desktops, laptops, game platforms or consoles, electronic bookreaders, television set-top boxes, televisions (e.g., internet TVs), andcomputerized appliances, to name a few. Further, such computing devicescan implement any type of software (such as a browser or a mobile mediaapplication) that can facilitate the communications described above.

Third party users 140 may correspond to visitors of a network site(e.g., a commerce network site providing commerce service 106), such asconsumers, designers, architects, or the like, and can be associatedwith any computing device(s) that can facilitate communication with theimage processing service 102 via the network 120. Such computing devicescan generally include wireless mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, PDAs,tablets, wearable computing devices, or the like), desktops, laptops,game platforms or consoles, electronic book readers, television set-topboxes, televisions (e.g., internet TVs), and computerized appliances, toname a few. Further, such computing devices can implement any type ofsoftware (such as a browser or a mobile media application) that canfacilitate the communications described above.

Color data providers 150 may correspond to hosts of databases and/ordata stores of color palettes, color names, color surveys, or the like.Color palettes and/or color names may be ranked, rated, and/or voted onby a community of people associated with the color data providers 150.The various hosts can include, for example and without limitation, hostsof an artistic network site, electronic commerce site, merchandiseproviders or vendors, surveys of the general population, designers,photographers, artists, social network sites, or the like. In someembodiments, the various color data providers 150 are associated with aparticular community of people such as artists, designers,photographers, cinematographers, fashion experts, critics, or the like.In certain embodiments, the color data providers 150 are accessible bythe public in general such that the associated color palettes and/orcolor names are ranked, rated, or voted on by people that do notnecessarily belong to any particular community or group.

Particular color data providers 150 may be associated with a particularcommunity that includes a biased population. This may allow for theimage processing service 102 to retrieve palettes and/or color nameswith a known and/or desired bias depending at least in part on the useof the retrieved palettes and/or color names. This may also allow forthe image processing service 102 to reduce or remove the bias present indifferent communities by combining palettes and/or color names from aplurality of communities of users.

The color data providers 150 can be associated with any computingdevice(s) that can facilitate communication with the image processingservice 102 via the network 120. Such computing devices can generallyinclude wireless mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, PDAs, tablets,wearable computing devices, or the like), desktops, laptops, gameplatforms or consoles, electronic book readers, television set-topboxes, televisions (e.g., internet TVs), and computerized appliances, toname a few. Further, such computing devices can implement any type ofsoftware (such as a browser or a mobile media application) that canfacilitate the communications described above.

One skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the examplecomponents and configurations provided in FIG. 1 are illustrative innature. Accordingly, additional or alternative components and/orconfigurations, especially regarding the additional components, systemsand subsystems for facilitating functions disclosed herein may beutilized.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of examplecomponents of a computing system 200 capable of implementing an imageprocessing service 102 utilized in accordance with the image processingenvironment 100 of FIG. 1. The example computing system 200 includes anarrangement of computer hardware and software components that may beused to implement aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled inthe art will appreciate that the computing system 200 may include more(or fewer) components than those depicted in FIG. 2. It is notnecessary, however, that all of these generally conventional componentsbe shown in order to provide an enabling disclosure.

The computing system 200 may include a processing unit 202, a networkinterface 204, a non-transitory computer-readable medium drive 206, andan input/output device interface 208, all of which may communicate withone another by way of a communication bus. The network interface 204 mayprovide the image processing service 102 with connectivity to one ormore networks or computing systems. The processing unit 202 may thusreceive information and instructions from other computing devices,systems, or services via a network. The processing unit 202 may alsocommunicate to and from memory 210 and further provide outputinformation via the input/output device interface 208. The input/outputdevice interface 208 may also accept input from various input devices,such as a keyboard, mouse, digital pen, touch screen, etc.

The memory 210 may contain computer program instructions that theprocessing unit 202 may execute in order to implement one or moreembodiments of the present disclosure. The memory 210 generally includesRAM, ROM and/or other persistent or non-transitory computer-readablestorage media. The memory 210 may store an operating system 214 thatprovides computer program instructions for use by the processing unit202 in the general administration and operation of the image processingservice 102. The memory 210 may further include other information forimplementing aspects of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the memory 210 includes an interface module 212. Theinterface module 212 can be configured to facilitate generating one ormore user interfaces through which an image source provider 130, a thirdparty user 140 or a color data provider 150 utilizing a compatiblecomputing device, may send to, or receive from, the image processingservice 102 image data, palette data, color name data, instruction data,metadata, color popularity data, etc., or otherwise communicate with theimage processing service 102. Specifically, the interface module 212 canbe configured to facilitate image processing functions described herein,including obtaining images, selecting palettes and correspondingupdates, selecting color names and corresponding updates, validatingmetadata, etc. The user interface can be implemented as a graphical userinterface (GUI), Web-based user interface, computer program, smartphoneor tablet program or application, touchscreen, wearable computing deviceinterface, command line interface, gesture, voice, or text interface,etc., or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the user interfaces caninclude indicators when an image has been processed, when a palette orpalette candidate has been generated or selected, when a color name hasbeen selected as corresponding to an image and/or a color palette, orthe like.

In addition, the memory 210 may include a data processing module 216that may be executed by the processing unit 202. In one embodiment, thedata processing module 216 implements aspects of the present disclosure.For example, the data processing module 216 can be configured to processimage data, instructions, palette data, color name data, or metadata.Specifically, the data processing module 216 can be configured toperform image processing functions described herein, including imagepre-processing, color distribution generation, representative coloridentification, palette candidate generation, palette determination,color name popularity processing, color name determination, metadatavalidation and updating, etc.

The image data processed by data processing module 216 can be of variousformats. For example, the image data can correspond to an equation ortable mapping illumination to x-y coordinates, a pixelized image, orother formats. Illustratively, in one embodiment, a color image isrepresented by a number of pixels organized in a two-dimensional array.In this embodiment, pixels can be associated with a value, which can bea vector based on a primary color model (e.g., RGB) or aluminance—chrominance model (e.g., Y′UV, YUV, YCbCr, or YPbPr).

It should be noted that the image processing service 102 may beimplemented by some or all of the components present in the computingsystem 200 as discussed herein with respect to FIG. 2. In addition, thecomputing system 200 may include additional components not present inFIG. 2. The modules or components described above may also includeadditional modules or be implemented by computing devices that may notbe depicted in FIG. 1 or 2. For example, although the interface module212 and the data processing module 216 are identified in FIG. 2 assingle modules, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that themodules may be implemented by two or more modules and in a distributedmanner. As another example, the computing system 200 and its componentscan be implemented by network servers, application servers, databaseservers, combinations of the same, or the like, configured to facilitatedata transmission to and from image source providers 130, third partyusers 140, or color name data providers 150, via network 120.Accordingly, the depictions of the modules are illustrative in nature.

Example Palette Generation Process

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a palettegeneration routine implemented by the image processing service 102. Theimage processing service 102 begins the routine at block 300. At block302, the image processing service 102 obtains a color image, such ascolor image 600 illustrated in FIG. 6. The color image can depict one ormore items, a design, a scene, a landscape, or any other content ofcolor. Obtaining the color image can be accomplished by receiving imagedata from image source providers 130 via their image data transmissionto the image processing service 102. In one embodiment, imagestransmitted may be images designated for calibrating the imageprocessing service 102. For example, images comprising specific scope orvariance of colors may be used as the basis for a color space. Inanother embodiment, images transmitted may need to be manually,semi-manually, semi-automatically, or automatically assessed andfiltered so as to only retain those relevant to a purpose of the paletteto be generated.

Metadata associated with the color image can also be obtained. Themetadata may include information corresponding to the colors, colorscheme, lighting source, lighting direction, or other factors regardingthe color rendering of the image. The metadata may also includeinformation about the currently obtained color image, other colorimages, subjects or category of subjects depicted, sources contributingto the image, or their interrelations. The metadata can further includeany other information associated with the color image as can beenvisioned by a person of skill in the art.

At block 304, palette generation criteria are determined. As describedearlier, the palette generation criteria can be input by an image sourceprovider 130 or a third party consumer 140, who may correspond to a hostof a commerce network site, a merchandise provider or vendor, a visitorto the commerce network site, a designer, an artist, an architect, orthe like. Alternatively, or in addition, the palette generation criteriacan be automatically generated by the image processing service 102, oranother computing device or system. For example, features or patternsexhibited by the color image as well as associated metadata can beconsidered by an automated process to determine the palette generationcriteria.

The palette generation criteria may indicate various preferences,factors, parameters, thresholds, or requirements that facilitate orcontrol the palette generation routine performed by the image processingservice 102, or its subroutines. For example, the palette generationcriteria may indicate a computational method for pre-processing theobtained color image, for generating a color distribution, foridentifying representative colors, for generating palette candidates, orfor determining a palette. The palette generation criteria may alsoindicate parameters, thresholds, restraints, formula(e), or otherfactors that may inform various computational methods applicable to theroutine or subroutines that it may invoke. For example, the palettegeneration criteria can identify a color distance formula or can includeone or more thresholds of color distance for merging similar colors whenrepresentative colors are identified from a color image. For moreinformation on how to determine a human perceptible color difference andthe human color distance formula, please see U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/316,483, entitled “IMAGE-BASED COLOR PALETTE GENERATION,”filed on Jun. 26, 2014, and corresponding to Attorney Docket No.SEAZN.912A1; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/316,530, entitled“IMAGE-BASED COLOR PALETTE GENERATION,” filed on Jun. 26, 2014, andcorresponding to Attorney Docket No. SEAZN.912A2; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/316,528, entitled “IMAGE-BASED COLOR PALETTEGENERATION,” filed on Jun. 26, 2014, and corresponding to AttorneyDocket No. SEAZN.912A3; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/316,549,entitled “IMAGE-BASED COLOR PALETTE GENERATION,” filed on Jun. 26, 2014,and corresponding to Attorney Docket No. SEAZN.912A4, each of which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the obtained color image is pre-processed at block306. For example, the color image may be converted to a formatcompatible with the palette generation routine 300 or its subroutines.The color image may also be classified or prioritized based onapplicable metadata. Further, pre-processing can include noise removal,rotation, re-orientation, normalization in shape, size, resolution, orcolor, or other manipulations to facilitate relevant processes andmethods.

Still further, pre-processing may include area marking or labelingwithin the color image. For example, various contour matching algorithmscan be employed to mark out an area of interest. Alternatively, or inaddition, areas of interest can be manually marked out. In someembodiments, a background, such as area 602 of color image 600, can beremoved during pre-processing through area marking or labeling. Inanother embodiment, one or more areas of interest can be cropped orextracted so that only these areas form the basis for palettegeneration. In still another embodiment, area marking or labeling mayindicate colors that should be treated in a specific way, such as to beignored, to be associated with more or less weight, to disambiguate to agreater or lesser extent. Information corresponding to pre-processingcan be included in corresponding metadata that is associated with thecolor image, which can facilitate palette generation.

At block 308, representative colors and their associated weights areidentified from the obtained color image. The identification ofrepresentative colors may include multiple subroutines or sub-elements.Various image processing or clustering algorithms can be employed toachieve this. In some embodiments, a color distribution, such as ahistogram illustrating distinct colors with their corresponding weight,is generated based on the color image. For example, the colordistribution can be generated by invoking a subroutine as illustrated inFIG. 4 and as will be further described below. The generation of colordistribution can be facilitated or controlled by information included inthe palette generation criteria. For example, the palette generationcriteria can indicate a set of standardized colors and/or binningcriteria as bases for generating the color distribution. Once the colordistribution is generated, representative colors can be identified basedon the color distribution, for example, by invoking a subroutine asillustrated in FIG. 5 and further described below. The identification ofrepresentative colors can be facilitated or controlled by informationincluded in the palette generation criteria or the metadata associatedwith the color image.

At block 310, a palette candidate is generated to include at least asubset of the identified representative colors and their associatedweights. The palette candidate may further include metadata associatedwith the identified representative colors and weights.

In some embodiments, the palette generation criteria may specify orindicate criteria for determining which identified representative colorscan be included in a palette candidate. For example, identifiedrepresentative colors can each be associated with a weight. The palettegeneration criteria may indicate a threshold on the weights associatedwith identified colors to filter out colors that are relativelyinsignificant in the color image. The threshold can be dynamicallygenerated based on a weight distribution of the identifiedrepresentative colors. For example, the palette candidate can excludeidentified representative colors associated with a weight lower than twostandard deviations from a mean weight. Optionally, the image processingservice 102 can move back to block 304, where new palette generationcriteria can be determined. Based on the new palette generationcriteria, a new palette candidate can be generated.

At block 312, one or more palettes can be identified among previouslygenerated palette candidate(s). In some embodiments, each generatedpalette candidate is automatically considered a final palette soadditional identification is not required at block 312. In otherembodiments, one or more palettes are identified among multiple palettecandidates based on palette generation criteria that may indicatewhether the identification should be performed manually orautomatically, which attributes should be examined, or what standardsshould be applied to the identification, or the like.

Identification of palettes can be accomplished manually orsemi-manually. For example, by repeating the routine from block 304 toblock 310, a third party consumer 140 may experiment with variouspalette generation criteria settings that can lead to generation ofmultiple palette candidates. In other words, each generated palettecandidate can correspond to a distinct setting of palette generationcriteria. The third party consumer 140 may then select one or more ofthe candidates and label them as palettes associated with the colorimage. Alternatively, or in addition, the identification of palettes canbe accomplished automatically or semi-automatically by the imageprocessing service 102, or by another computing device or system. Forexample, information associated with change of color values andassociated weight across various palette candidates can be considered afunction of certain settings included in palette generation criteriacorresponding to the various palette candidates. Accordingly, variousoptimization algorithms, such as gradient methods, dynamic programming,evolutionary algorithms, combinatorial optimization, or stochasticoptimization, can be utilized to pick a palette candidate(s) thatachieves an optimization based on the function. Illustratively, apalette candidate can be selected if a corresponding rate of color valuechange is close to zero, as measured in accordance with the function.

Once identified, the one or more palettes can be stored, at block 314,at the palette data store 110, either by creating new data entries orupdating existing palettes. The image processing service 102 then endsthe routine at block 316. Depending on relevant requirements orpreferences indicated in the palette generation criteria correspondingto identified palettes, various metadata can be associated therewith,for purposes of indicating their format, semantics, features,conditions, or the like. In some embodiments, metadata can link apalette to a corresponding color image from which the palette isderived. Alternatively, or in addition, metadata may indicate a categoryor a position in a taxonomy associated with the corresponding colorimage. Metadata can also indicate patterns, colocations, or otherattributes of spatial distribution of palette colors within thecorresponding color image.

For example, with reference to FIG. 6, assume a palette corresponding toa color image 600 includes palette colors BLUE, YELLOW, WHITE and GREEN.The metadata may indicate the position, spread and shape of thesepalette colors as they appear in relation to one another or in relationto the color image 600. As will also be explained in more detail inconnection with FIG. 5, in some embodiments, palette color BLUE may beattributable to areas 612, 614, 616, 618, as well as areas 632, 634, 636and 638 as shown in FIG. 6. Illustratively, the metadata may indicatethat BLUE is depicted in two disjoint areas. The metadata may alsoindicate the relative size of the two areas, namely, combined areas 612,614, 616 and 618 as compared to combined areas 632, 634, 636 and 638. Insome embodiments, palette color BLUE may be attributable to areas 612,614, 616 and 618 only. In these embodiments, the metadata may indicatethat palette color BLUE does not correspond to areas 632, 634, 636 and638. The metadata may further indicate a reason for excluding theseareas, for example, due to certain pre-processing operations such asarea-marking or labeling, due to spatial separation of colors asdepicted in the color image 600, or the like.

Metadata associated with a palette can also include information derivedfrom the metadata associated with a corresponding color image. Asdescribed earlier, such information may correspond to the colors, colorscheme, lighting source, lighting direction, or other factors regardingthe color rendering of the image. The metadata may also includeinformation about interrelations between, or among colors, color images,subjects or category of subjects depicted, sources contributing to theimage, or any other information associated with the image. For example,the metadata may indicate whether a palette color represents that of asubject, background, or foreground of the corresponding color image.Based on the palette data and associated metadata, the stored palettescan also be indexed, classified or clustered in various ways.

Metadata associated with a palette can further include informationobtained from extrinsic sources that are related to the palette or oneor more colors included in the palette. In some embodiments, color orpalette trends can be determined based on voting or surveys of, forexample, users of a social network site. The voting or survey resultscan be theme-specific or time-specific. For example, the voting orsurvey maybe a survey of most popular colors for Spring 2014, a votingresult of a most liked palette for interior design of Seattle areahomes, etc. Such temporal or subject related information can be includedin the metadata. Based on such information, the metadata may includefurther information derived therefrom. For example, if an existingpalette has consistent connections to popular palettes or colorsassociated with different times, the existing palette may be labeled asa timeless palette.

Example Color Distribution Generation Process

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a colordistribution generation subroutine implemented by an image processingservice 102. The image processing service 102 begins the subroutine atblock 400. At block 402, color image data is obtained. The color imagedata can be a color image in its original format, a pre-processed colorimage, or other representations of color values with or withoutassociated metadata, depending on the color distribution algorithmemployed.

At block 404, color values are extracted from the color image data.Illustratively, if an original or pre-processed color image is obtained,color values can be extracted from each pixel of the image. In someembodiments, the color values are vectors in a color space as discussedearlier. For example, the color values can be vectors in an RGB, Y′UV,YUV, YCbCr, or YPbPr based color space. The color values can also berepresented or transformed into other mathematical formats, for example,based on various data compression techniques.

In other embodiments, the color values may include associated metadatavalues, such as coordinates of a pixel in a color image representing acorresponding color. In these embodiments, an illustrative color valuecan be a five-dimensional vector: the first three dimensionscorresponding to the color and the remaining two dimensionscorresponding to a location in the color image, such as x-y coordinates.In these embodiments, color values can be represented or transformed toother mathematical formats as well.

At block 406, similar color values can optionally be merged or binned invarious ways. In some embodiments, one or more thresholds can bespecified or automatically determined so that similar color values arebinned. One or more color similarity measures (e.g., calculated based ona color distance formula, such as Euclidean distance in RGB based colorspace) can be used to quantify color similarity for the purpose ofbinning color values. For example, a plurality of standardized colorscan be determined by the image processing service 102, as a basis forbinning colors and generating a color distribution therefrom.Illustratively, the plurality of standardized colors can be X11 colorsfrom the CSS3 specification or a set of Pantone colors. The plurality ofstandardized colors can be made consistent for a particular category ofcolor image data, as a way to calibrate the color distributiongeneration process.

Each standardized color can be associated with a threshold. An extractedcolor value is placed in a bin corresponding to a distinct standardizedcolor if a similarity measure of the two falls within the associatedthreshold. After binning, extracted color values are represented bytheir corresponding standardized colors. In this example, the pluralityof standardized colors may or may not be uniformly distributed in acolor space, and thresholds associated with individual standardizedcolors may or may not be the same. Illustratively, with reference toFIG. 6, a plurality of standardized colors for color image 600 can be{BLUE, YELLOW, RED}. After binning, LIGHT BLUE, DARK BLUE and GREEN mayall be represented by BLUE as they are similar enough to BLUE. LIGHTYELLOW and WHITE may both be represented by YELLOW as they are similarenough to YELLOW. The binning process results in two heavy binscorresponding to the standardized colors BLUE and YELLOW and a light bincorresponding to the standardized color RED.

In some embodiments, extracted color values can be binned with oneanother if their respective similarity measure falls within a threshold,without referencing standardized colors. In this case, the binned colorvalues can be represented by an average of individual bins.

At block 408, a distribution of color values is generated. For example,the distribution can be a histogram representing a number of pixelscorresponding to distinct color values derived from the color imagedata, with or without binning. As another example, the distribution canbe a percentage breakdown of distinct colors derived from the colorimage data, with or without binning. At block 410, the image processingservice 102 ends the routine.

Example Representative Color Identification Process

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a representativecolor identification subroutine implemented by an image processingservice 102. The image processing service 102 begins the routine atblock 500. At block 502, the image processing service 102 obtains afirst criterion for weighting representative colors as they areidentified. At block 504, the image processing service 102 obtains asecond criterion for removing identified representative color(s) from acolor distribution. The first or second criterion can be included in, orderived from, the palette generation criteria as described earlier. Insome embodiments, the first and second criteria can be one or morethresholds of a color distance, or other similarity measures between, oramong, color values. Illustratively, various color distance formula ormodels, such as CIEDE2000, CMC 1:c, or the like, can be utilized tocompute color distance between colors.

In some embodiments, similarity measures that take into account bothcolor and metadata components can be designed or adopted. ReferencingFIG. 6 again and taking color image 600 for example, the similarity oftwo specific colors can vary depending on the colocation or context ofcorresponding pixels. Illustratively, LIGHT BLUE as depicted by area 612and DARK BLUE as depicted by area 616 may be considered sufficientlysimilar to BLUE as depicted by areas 614 and 618. In comparison, LIGHTBLUE as depicted by areas 634 or 636 or DARK BLUE as depicted by areas632 or 638 may not be considered sufficiently similar to BLUE asdepicted by areas 614 and 618 due to the spatial distance or connectionof corresponding areas.

Referencing FIG. 5, at block 506, a color (as represented by a colorvalue) is selected based on a color distribution. Illustratively, thecolor distribution can be generated by the routine of FIG. 4 asdescribed above. Various methods can be adopted to select a color fromthe color distribution. In some embodiments, the color selection can bebased on a dominance of colors in the color distribution. For example,the most dominant color of the color distribution can be selected. Themost dominant color can be a distinct color accounting for the largestportion of the color distribution as compared to other distinct colors.In these embodiments, however, the most dominant color may initiallystand for a background color. For example, the most dominant color maybe similar enough to a background color indicated by metadata associatedwith the color image. Alternatively, or in addition, the most dominantcolor may be similar enough to a color depicted by the four corners ofthe color image, which may be considered a background color. In thiscase, the first selected color may not be considered a representativecolor and may not be subsequently saved for generating a palettecandidate.

In some embodiments, one or more base colors (e.g., black, white, etc.)can be defined, and the first color selected from the color distributioncan be a most distant color from the base color(s). One of relevantskill in the art can envision that different base colors may lead todifferent sets of subsequently identified representative colors, evenfor a same color distribution. Accordingly, in these embodiments,defining the base color(s) and applying the base color(s) consistentlytoward a category of color images (and their color distributions) mayconstitute one way to calibrate the palette generation process. Thedefinition of the base color(s) can be indicated or derived from thepalette generation criteria as described earlier.

In some embodiments, a most concentrated color of the color distributioncan be selected. A concentration formula can be designed or adopted. Forexample, color values can be grouped using various clustering orgrouping algorithms. Intra-group similarity measure, such as standarddeviation of pairwise color distance, can be calculated. The group ofcolors whose constituents are most similar to one another can be picked,and a color representing the group can be determined and selected. Inthis example, the color selected can be an average color of the groupbased on certain color distance formula.

In other embodiments, a color can be selected based on color-relatedvoting or surveys. A popularity of colors among a group of users can beobtained from one or more third party data providers 150 to facilitatethe color selection. For example, a color in the color distribution thatis most similar to a popular color as indicated by users of a socialnetwork site can be selected. In one embodiment, the popular color canbe determined based on user votes on a variety of colors derived fromthe color distribution. In another embodiment, the popular color can bedetermined based on user votes on one or more colors that users thinkare most distinct from or compatible with one or more predetermined basecolors. In this case, a predetermined base color can be a representativecolor that is already identified from the color distribution.

As another example, a popular color palette as indicated by users of asocial network site can be obtained to facilitate the color selection.In this example, the color selected can be a color in the colordistribution that is most similar to a specific color included in thepopular color palette. In one embodiment, users of the social networksite can vote on various existing color palettes. Existing colorpalettes can be classified based on their corresponding palette colors,associated weights and associated metadata to facilitate meaningfulvoting. In another embodiment, the color selected can be a colorincluded in a popular color palette that also includes one or morepredetermined base colors. In this case, a predetermined base color canbe a representative color that is already identified from the colordistribution.

As still another example, the color selected can be a popular colorassociated with a subject or category of subject as depicted by thecolor image corresponding to the color distribution. The popular colorcan also correspond to a specific date or time period. Illustratively,the color image can depict a mannequin wearing various clothing items.The color selected can be a popular fashion color of the current seasonas voted by users of a social network site.

In still other embodiments, a color can simply be manually picked orrandomly selected from the color distribution. For example, the colorcan be manually picked based on a color name or color scheme that isassociated with the color image forming the basis of the colordistribution. Illustratively, a color scheme can indicate a choice ofcolors that correspond to a particular style or appeal. A color schememay be associated with descriptive or suggestive names, such as sunset,tropical, nostalgia, etc. A color scheme may or may not correspond to aprecise mapping to a set of colors. As described earlier, metadata suchas colocations or connections between colors as they are visuallydepicted in a corresponding color image can be taken into account forcomputing color similarity measures for all these embodiments.

At block 508, the selected color is revised to be identified as arepresentative color and is weighted based on the first criterion. Insome embodiments, the first criterion can include one or more thresholdsfor revising and weighting the selected color. For example, colors ofthe color distribution that are within a threshold distance from theselected color can be merged therewith and the selected color can berevised to reflect a color representing all merged colors. Therepresentative color can be a function of all merged color values, suchas their “center of mass” based on certain color distance formula(e) ora most frequent color of all merged colors. Accordingly, therepresentative color can be weighted based on the quantity of mergedcolors, such as, the number of pixels depicting any of the mergedcolors. Alternatively, the weight associated with the representativecolor can be a percentage that the merged colors account for in thecolor distribution, or its variant.

Similarly, metadata such as colocations or connections between colors asthey are visually depicted in a corresponding color image can be takeninto account. Referencing again to FIG. 6 and taking color image 600 forexample, suppose DARK BLUE as depicted by area 616 is the selectedcolor. BLUE and LIGHT BLUE as depicted by areas 614, 612 and 618 may bemerged with DARK BLUE of area 616, while DARK BLUE of areas 632, 638 andLIGHT BLUE of areas 634, 636 may not. Illustratively, the correspondingrepresentative color becomes BLUE, as LIGHT BLUE of area 612 and DARKBLUE of area 616 cancel each other out when computing a “center ofmass.” Also, the weight associated with representative color BLUEexcludes pixels of areas 632, 634, 636 and 638.

Referencing to FIG. 5, at block 510, one or more colors are removed fromthe color distribution based on the second criterion to facilitateidentification of additional representative colors. The color removalcan be based on the currently identified representative color. In someembodiments, the second criterion can include one or more thresholds forcolor removal. For example, colors in the color distribution that arewithin a threshold distance from the currently identified representativecolor can be removed from the color distribution and will not beconsidered in further identification of additional representativecolors. In other words, the color distribution is updated based on thesecond criterion to only retain colors that are dissimilar enough to thecurrently identified representative color. The one or more thresholdsincluded in the second criterion may or may not be the same as thoseincluded in the first criterion.

Again, metadata such as colocations or connections between colors asthey are visually depicted in a corresponding color image can be takeninto account. Continuing the example above in connection with colorimage 600 of FIG. 6, illustratively the LIGHT BLUE, BLUE and DARK BLUEcolors attributable to areas 612, 614, 616 and 618 are removed from thecolor distribution, while the LIGHT and DARK BLUEs attributable to areas632, 634, 636 and 638 remain. As will be described in more detail below,LIGHT or DARK BLUEs attributable to areas 632, 634, 636 or 638 may beselected as a basis for identifying another representative color.

Returning to FIG. 5, at block 512, the image processing service 102determines whether additional representative colors are to beidentified. In some embodiments, the determination can be based on alimit on the number of representative colors. For example, the palettegeneration criteria may specify a fixed number or a maximum number ofrepresentative colors each palette candidate may include. In someembodiments, the determination can be based on the colors that remain inthe color distribution. For example, the ratio of weight between theremaining colors and all colors in the original distribution can bemonitored to facilitate this determination. Illustratively, if theremaining colors account for a small enough portion of the originalcolor distribution (e.g., only RED as depicted in FIG. 6 by a smallenough area 690 remains), then no more representative colors need to beidentified. As another example, the similarity among remaining colorscan be monitored to facilitate this determination. Illustratively, ifthe average pairwise color distance of remaining colors is small enough,the remaining colors can be merged to form a final representative colorand weighted accordingly. In other embodiments, the determination can bebased on identified representative colors. For example, the palettegeneration criteria may indicate ways to assess the weight distributionassociated with identified representative colors. Illustratively, theskewness, divergence, or other measures of the weight distribution canbe utilized to facilitate the determination.

If it is determined that additional representative colors need to beidentified, the image processing service 102 proceeds to block 506 wherea next color is selected from the updated color distribution. Inaccordance with embodiments where a color is selected based on itsdistance from one or more base colors, the base colors are updated toreflect recently identified representative color(s). In other words, anidentified representative color becomes one of the base colors in asubsequent iteration. For example, at block 506, the next color selectedfrom an updated color distribution can be a color farthest away from oneor more representative colors identified in previous iterations. Asanother example, the next color selected can be a color farthest awayfrom a combination of all previously identified representative colors.If it is determined that further identification of representative colorsis not needed, the image processing service 102 proceeds to block 514.

At block 514, the identified representative colors and their associatedweight are saved to create a palette candidate. Additionally, metadatacan be associated therewith. For example, relative locations, subjectsor items represented, distribution patterns, or the like, that areassociated with identified representative colors can be saved and linkedto respective representative colors. The image processing service 102ends the subroutine 500 at block 516. For more example details onextracting colors from an image and building a color palette, see U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/316,483, entitled “IMAGE-BASED COLORPALETTE GENERATION,” filed on Jun. 26, 2014, and corresponding toAttorney Docket No. SEAZN.912A1; and U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/316,292, entitled “BUILDING A PALETTE OF COLORS BASED ON HUMAN COLORPREFERENCES,” filed on Jun. 26, 2014, and corresponding to AttorneyDocket No. SEAZN.904A1, each of which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety

Example Color Name Generation Process

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a color namegeneration routine implemented by an image processing service 102. Theimage processing service begins the routine at block 700. At block 702,the image processing service 102 obtains a color image such as colorimage 600 illustrated in FIG. 6 and as similarly described with respectto block 302 of FIG. 3. As noted above, the color image can depict oneor more items, a design, a scene, a landscape, or any other content ofcolor. Obtaining the color image can be accomplished by receiving imagedata from image source providers 130 via their image data transmissionto the image processing service 102.

Metadata associated with the color image can also be obtained. Themetadata may include information corresponding to the colors, colorscheme, lighting source, lighting direction, or other factors regardingthe color rendering of the image. The metadata may also includeinformation about the currently obtained color image, other colorimages, subjects or category of subjects depicted, sources contributingto the image, or their interrelations. The metadata can further includeany other information associated with the color image as can beenvisioned by a person of skill in the art.

At block 704, the image processing service 102 optionally identifies acolor palette corresponding to the obtained image. In one embodiment,this color palette identification may correspond to the palettegeneration routine 300 described above and in reference to FIG. 3. Inanother embodiment, one or more color palettes may be determined frommetadata associated with the color image. For example, the imagemetadata may include one or more color palettes and/or one or moreassociated color identifiers that can be used to create a color palette.

Once identified, the one or more palettes can be stored at the palettedata store 110, either by creating new data entries or updating existingpalettes. In addition, metadata associated with the identified palettemay also be identified and stored at the palette data store 110. In someembodiments, metadata can link a palette to a corresponding color imagefrom which the palette is derived. Metadata associated with a palettecan also include information derived from the metadata associated with acorresponding color image. As described earlier, such information maycorrespond to the colors, color scheme, lighting source, lightingdirection, or other factors regarding the color rendering of the image.The metadata may also include information about interrelations between,or among colors, color images, subjects or category of subjectsdepicted, sources contributing to the image, or any other informationassociated with the image. For example, the metadata may indicatewhether a palette color represents that of a subject, background, orforeground of the corresponding color image. Based on the palette dataand associated metadata, the stored palettes can also be indexed,classified or clustered in various ways.

Metadata associated with a palette can further include informationobtained from extrinsic sources that are related to the palette or oneor more colors included in the palette. In some embodiments, color orpalette trends can be determined based on voting or surveys of, forexample, users of a social network site. The voting or survey resultscan be theme- or time-specific, for example, a survey of most popularcolors for Spring 2014, a voting result of a most liked palette forinterior design of Seattle area homes, etc. Such temporal or subjectrelated information can be included in the metadata. Based on suchinformation, the metadata may include further information derivedtherefrom. For example, if an existing palette has consistentconnections to popular palettes or colors associated with differenttimes, the existing palette may be labeled as a timeless palette. Inaddition or alternatively, color trend information can be determined inother ways, such as by analysis of item purchase histories, item viewinghistories, collections of images (such as those associated withparticular periods of time), and the like.

At block 706, the image processing service 102 identifies one or morecolor names based at least in part on color name popularity information,where the one or more color names correspond to the obtained color imageand/or the determined color palette. In one embodiment, the imageprocessing service 102 identifies a color name, based at least in parton color name popularity information, for each color identified in thecolor palette at block 704. In addition or alternatively, the imageprocessing service 102 identifies a color name, again based at least inpart on color name popularity information, for each color identified inthe obtained color image at block 702, such colors identified, forexample, via metadata associated with the color image (e.g., other coloridentifiers). Color name popularity information may be identified fromcolor name-related voting results provided by a social network site,such as those that show people colors and asked that they type in acolor name that they might use for that color. Color name popularityinformation may also be obtained from a number of other sources and/oranalyses. For example, color name popularity information may be obtainedby analysis of item purchase histories, item viewing histories,collections of images (such as those associated with particular periodsof time), collections of colors (such as paint colors and actions ofvendors and/or users associated therewith), and the like.

In one embodiment, the obtained color image and/or the identified colorpalette have associated 3-dimensional RGB colors, for example, which arestored as metadata associated with the obtained color image and/or theidentified color palette in a data store, such as item data store 112and/or color palette data store 110. In one example, the RGB color value(e.g., #c108e5) may be stored in the data store in association with agreen image and/or a green color palette. While the prior exampleprovides RGB color identifiers as associated with the obtained colorimage and/or the identified color palette, other color identifiers, suchas those corresponding to other dimensional color spaces, may beassociated with the obtained color image and/or the identified colorpalette. For example, other color identifiers may correspond to thecolor spaces of XYZ, Hue Saturation Brightness/Luminance (HSB/HSL), HueSaturation Value (HSV), Hue Saturation Intensity (HIS), Cyan MagentaYellow Key (CMYK), Lab, Lightness Chroma Hue (LCH), LMS, YCbCr andY′CbCr as used in image or video, Tint Saturation Lightness (TSL), RedGreen (RG), YIQ (as used by the NTSC color TV system), and YUV (as usedby the PAL color TV system).

After identification of the color identifier(s) associated with theobtained color image and/or identified color palette, the imageprocessing service 102 may then use the color identifier(s) to identifyone or more corresponding color names based at least in part on colorname popularity information. As noted above, the color name popularityinformation may be obtained from a color name survey. A color namesurvey may, for example, map individual color identifiers, for whichcorresponding colors have been displayed to a community of surveyparticipants, with color names voted on by the community ascorresponding to the colors. Accordingly, the survey may provide themost common color names for colors as perceived by a community of surveyparticipants. The image processing service 102 may thus identify one ormore color names, such as those rated as most popular or most frequentlyprovided for a particular color, as corresponding to the obtained colorimage and/or identified color palette.

In some embodiments, the image processing service 102 may consideradditional information associated with the color popularity informationin the identification of one or more color names at block 706. Forexample, metadata corresponding to the color name to color identifierassociations, such as date or season of creation of individualassociations, associated demographics of the survey participants or someportion thereof (e.g., geographical region, age, gender, ethnic group,religion, etc. of users that provided input used in generating the colornames), or the like, may be considered. For example, if the obtainedcolor image corresponds to an image provided by an individual located inSeattle, Wash. (as determined by metadata associated with the colorimage), the image processing service 102 may identify correspondingcolor names based on color popularity information obtained specificallyfrom a community of survey participants located in the state ofWashington or the northwest region of the U.S. Specifically, if thecolor image obtained from a user in Seattle depicts the general colorsgreen and blue, the corresponding color names obtained from surveyparticipants located in the state of Washington as corresponding tothose colors may be bright green and pacific blue or the green and blueof a popular local sports team. However, a different demographic ofsurvey participants may have provided different color names as highlypopular color names corresponding to these colors. Accordingly, theimage processing service 102 may filter color name popularityinformation based on additional metadata to identify one or more colornames corresponding to a color image and/or color palette.

In some embodiments, the image processing service 102 can use a fastcolor indexing routine to create one or more fast color search datastores for colors identified in the obtained image, identified colorpalette, and/or the popular color name to color identifier associations,as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/315,700, entitled“FAST COLOR SEARCHING,” filed on Jun. 26, 2014, and corresponding toAttorney Docket No. SEAZN.911A, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety. In addition to creation of the one or more fastcolor search data stores, the image processing service 102 can use thefast color indexing routine to quickly identify color namescorresponding to a color image and/or a color palette.

At block 708, the image processing service 102 may process the one ormore color names identified at block 706. Such processing may includeany one or more of storing one or more of the identified color names asmetadata associated with the obtained color image and/or the identifiedcolor palette, storing individual associations between individualidentified color names and the respective colors from the color imageand/or the color palette to generate a color name database, updating themetadata corresponding to the color image and/or color palette with oneor more of the identified color names, validating color names providedas part of a user search query or as originally associated with an imageand/or a color palette with preferred color names, such as thoseidentified at block 706, for colors in the corresponding images and/orpalettes, and the like.

As one example, where the image processing service 102 identifies, atblock 706, a color name for each color identified in the color palettebased at least in part on color name popularity information, the imageprocessing service 102 may store, at block 708, the identified colorname for each color identified in the color palette as metadataassociated with the color image. In addition or alternatively, the imageprocessing service 102 may store, at block 708, the identified colorname for each color identified in the color palette in a color palettedata store as metadata associated with the color palette, and/or theimage processing service 102 may store individual associations betweenindividual identified color names and the respective colors from thecolor palette to generate a color name database.

As another example, the processing at block 708 may include comparingone or more of the identified color names from block 706 with metadatacorresponding to the color image and/or color palette and updating themetadata corresponding to the color image and/or color palette with oneor more of the identified color names. In some embodiments, updating themetadata corresponding to the color image (from block 702) and/or thecolor palette (from block 704) includes supplementing the metadatacorresponding to the color image and/or the color palette with only theidentified color names corresponding to colors in the color image and/orthe color palette without a corresponding color name in the metadata.

As a yet further example, the processing at block 708 may includeidentifying missing color names from color images and/or color palettesand supplementing metadata associated with the images and/or colorpalettes with the missing color names. Still further, in otherembodiments, the processing at block 708 may include validating colornames originally associated with an image and/or a color palette withpreferred color names, such as the identified color names at block 706,for colors in the corresponding images and/or palettes. The imageprocessing service 102 ends the routine at block 710.

In another embodiment of a color name generation routine implemented bythe image processing service 102, the image processing service 102 mayeliminate the initial element of obtaining a color image at block 702 ofFIG. 7 and instead commence with identification of a color palette atblock 704. The remaining functions described in FIG. 7 may then beimplemented with respect to the originally identified color palette. Inthis way, color name popularity information can be used to identify oneor more color names and process these one or more color names inassociation with the identified color palette in order to improve colorname metadata associated with the color palette and stored in the colorpalette data store 110 or elsewhere.

One skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that actions outlinedabove for the color name generation routine may be implemented by one ormore services, such as any one or more of the image processing service102, a color name generation service, or the like. One skilled in therelevant art will further appreciate that the actions of these one ormore services may be implemented by one or more computingdevices/components/modules, such as those identified in reference to thecomputing system 200 or otherwise.

Example Color Name Validation Process

A merchandiser (or other vendor) may submit an image, such as aphotograph, of an item for posting on an item detail page of a commercesite via which consumers may purchase the item. Typically, the imagewill be associated with metadata provided by the merchandiser, includingone or more color names identifying the item (or items) in the image.However, not infrequently, the color name submitted by the merchandiser(or other source) is in error and does not match the color of the itemin the image. For example, an image of a blue dress may be submittedwith a color name of “purple.” Having erroneous color names results ininaccurate image records and can result in incomplete or inaccuraterecommendations and/or surfacing of search results. Thus, for example,if a search is performed for a blue dress (e.g., in response to a userquery and/or as part of a recommendation process), the blue dressmistakenly tagged with the color name “purple” may not be identified inthe search or to the user. Conversely, if a search is performed for apurple dress, the blue dress mistakenly tagged with the color name“purple” will be erroneously identified in the search and to the user aspart of a recommendation.

Certain embodiments address the foregoing challenges by determining whencertain image metadata, such as a color name, does not match the colorpalette of an item in the image. As will be discussed in greater detailbelow, the image processing service 102 accesses an image and associatedmetadata, including color names; processes the image to generate one ormore color palettes; utilizes the color palettes to identifycorresponding color names; and determines if the identified color namesmatch the color names in the metadata. If the color names from themetadata do not match those determined from the generated colorpalettes, the image processing service 102 edits the metadata to includethe color names determined from the generated color palettes and/oralerts an entity (such as an operator and/or the entity that providedthe image) via a transmitted mismatch notification regarding themismatch. In response to the mismatch notification, the entity thatprovided the image can manually compare the color names from the imagemetadata that do not match those color names determined from thegenerated palettes, enabling the entity to determine which color name iscorrect. The entity can then select the appropriate color name to bestored as metadata with the image. Thus, searches and recommendationsrelated to the item will be more accurate and complete.

Similarly, if an image is provided that does not include a color name,the image processing service 102 processes the image to generate one ormore color palettes, utilizes the color palettes to identifycorresponding color names, and edits the metadata to include the colornames determined from the generated color palettes. This enables theitem to be discovered in a search for the item type or category havingthe color as a search parameter. For example, the search may beperformed in response to a user query (e.g., including a user providedor selected keyword and/or image) and/or as part of a recommendationprocess. Thus, searches and recommendations related to the item will bemore accurate and complete.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a color namevalidation routine implemented by the image processing service 102. Theimage processing service 102 begins the routine at block 800. At block802, the image processing service 102 obtains a color image. The colorimage can depict one or more items (e.g., clothing, furniture,appliances, etc.), a design, a scene, a landscape, or any other contentof color. Obtaining the color image can be accomplished by receivingimage data from the item data store 112, image source providers 130,third party users 140 (e.g., consumers or merchandisers seeking to sellitems), or other image sources, via their image data transmission to theimage processing service 102.

Metadata associated with the color image can also be obtained. Themetadata may include information corresponding to the color palette(e.g., color names or other color identifiers, including names expressedusing ASCII characters, icons, or other such data), color scheme,lighting source, lighting direction, or other factors regarding thecolor rendering of the image. The metadata may also include informationabout the currently obtained color image, other color images, subjectsor category of subjects depicted, sources contributing to the image, ortheir interrelations. The metadata can further include any otherinformation associated with the color image as can be envisioned by aperson of skill in the art.

At block 804, one or more color palettes are generated and/or determinedfor the image. For example, the techniques described above with respectto FIG. 3 or as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/316,483, entitled “IMAGE-BASED COLOR PALETTE GENERATION,” filed onJun. 26, 2014, and corresponding to Attorney Docket No. SEAZN.912A1; andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/316,292, entitled “BUILDING APALETTE OF COLORS BASED ON HUMAN COLOR PREFERENCES,” filed on Jun. 26,2014, and corresponding to Attorney Docket No. SEAZN.904A1, each ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, may beused. The color palette(s) may be generated so that the color palette(s)reflect the primary color of the item being depicted, rather than thebackground scene or non-relevant items (e.g., by ignoring or placingless emphasis on color information towards the edges of the image). Inanother embodiment, one or more color palettes may be determined frommetadata associated with the color image. For example, the imagemetadata may include one or more color palettes and/or one or moreassociated color identifiers that can be used to create a color palette.

Metadata associated with the color palette can also be obtained. Themetadata may include information textually indicating the color(s)included in the color palette using color name(s) or other identifier(s)(including names expressed using ASCII characters, icons, or other suchdata), and optionally indicating their format, semantics, features,conditions, sources, date(s) of creation/editing, associateddemographics (e.g., geographical region, age, gender, ethnic group,religion, etc. of users that provided input used in creating thepalette), or the like.

At block 806, the image processing service 102 identifies one or morecolor names based at least in part on color name popularity information,where the one or more color names correspond to the obtained color imageand/or the determined color palette. In one embodiment, the imageprocessing service 102 identifies a color name, based at least in parton color name popularity information, for each color identified in thecolor palette at block 804. In addition or alternatively, the imageprocessing service 102 identifies a color name, again based at least inpart on color name popularity information, for each color identified asassociated with the obtained color image at block 802. Color namepopularity information may be identified from color name-related votingresults provided by a social network site, such as those that showpeople colors and asked that they type in a color name that they mightuse for that color. As noted above, color name popularity informationmay also be obtained from a number of other sources and/or analyses. Forexample, color name popularity information may be obtained by analysisof item purchase histories, item viewing histories, collections ofimages (such as those associated with particular periods of time),collections of colors (such as paint colors and actions of vendorsand/or users associated therewith), and the like. Functions at block 806may further correspond to similar functions as described above withrespect to block 706 of FIG. 7.

At block 808, a determination is made as to whether the metadatareceived in association with the image (obtained at block 802) and/orthe color palette (determined at block 804) includes coloridentification information, such as a color name. If a determination ismade that the metadata received in association with the image and/or thecolor palette does not include color identification information, such asa color name, then at block 816 the identified color name (from block806) may be stored as metadata in association with the image (e.g., initem data store 112, a dedicated image data store, or elsewhere) and/orthe color palette (e.g., in palette data store 110 or elsewhere).

If a determination is made that the metadata received in associationwith the image and/or the color palette does include coloridentification information, such as a color name, then at block 810 acomparison is made between color identification information, such as acolor name, identified at block 806 based at least in part on colorpopularity information and the color identification information, such asa color name, obtained via the image metadata at block 802 and/or thecolor palette metadata at block 804. If, at block 812, a determinationis made that the color identification information, such as a color name,identified at block 806 based at least in part on color popularityinformation and the color identification information, such as a colorname, obtained via the image metadata at block 802 and/or the colorpalette metadata at block 804 sufficiently match, then at block 818 theimage processing service 102 completes the routine. If, at block 812, adetermination is made that the color identification information, such asa color name, identified at block 806 based at least in part on colorpopularity information and the color identification information, such asa color name, obtained via the image metadata at block 802 and/or thecolor palette metadata at block 804 do not sufficiently match, then atblock 814 the identified color name (or other identifier) may be storedas metadata in association with the image (e.g., in item data store 112,a dedicated image data store, or elsewhere) and/or in association withthe color palette (e.g., in color palette data store 110 or elsewhere)and optionally the original color name (or other identifier) included inthe metadata is deleted or an indication is stored that the originalcolor name is mismatched and incorrect. At block 818, the imageprocessing service 102 ends the routine 800.

In another embodiment of a color name validation routine implemented bythe image processing service 102, the image processing service 102 mayeliminate the initial element of obtaining a color image at block 802 ofFIG. 8 and instead commence with identification of a color palette atblock 804. The remaining functions described in FIG. 8 may then beimplemented with respect to the originally identified color palette. Inthis way, color name popularity information can be used to identifycolor names and validate color names associated with color palettes inorder to improve color name metadata associated with color palettesstored in the color palette data store 110 or elsewhere.

One skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that actions outlinedabove for the color name validation routine may be implemented by one ormore services, such as any one or more of the image processing service102, a color name generation service, a color name validation service,or the like. One skilled in the relevant art will further appreciatethat the actions of these one or more services may be implemented by oneor more computing devices/components/modules, such as those identifiedin reference to the computing system 200 or otherwise.

Depending on the embodiment, certain acts, events, or functions of anyof the algorithms described herein can be performed in a differentsequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not alldescribed acts or events are necessary for the practice of thealgorithm). Moreover, in certain embodiments, acts or events can beperformed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing,interrupt processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or onother parallel architectures, rather than sequentially.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and algorithm elementsdescribed in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can beimplemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinationsof both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware andsoftware, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, and elementshave been described above generally in terms of their functionality.Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or softwaredepends upon the particular application and design constraints imposedon the overall system. The described functionality can be implemented invarying ways for each particular application, but such implementationdecisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from thescope of the disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks and modules described inconnection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented orperformed by a machine, such as a general purpose processor, a digitalsignal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmablelogic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed herein. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor,but in the alternative, the processor can be a controller,microcontroller, or state machine, combinations of the same, or thelike. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computingdevices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a pluralityof microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with aDSP core, or any other such configuration.

The elements of a method, process, or algorithm described in connectionwith the embodiments disclosed herein can be embodied directly inhardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in acombination of the two. A software module can reside in RAM memory,flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, harddisk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readablestorage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium can becoupled to the processor such that the processor can read informationfrom, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative,the storage medium can be integral to the processor. The processor andthe storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a userterminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium canreside as discrete components in a user terminal.

Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “might,”“may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, orotherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intendedto convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments donot include, certain features, elements and/or states. Thus, suchconditional language is not generally intended to imply that features,elements and/or states are in any way required for one or moreembodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logicfor deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether thesefeatures, elements and/or states are included or are to be performed inany particular embodiment. The terms “comprising,” “including,”“having,” “involving,” and the like are synonymous and are usedinclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additionalelements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or”is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so thatwhen used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or”means one, some, or all of the elements in the list.

Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y or Z,”unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with thecontext as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may beeither X, Y or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y and/or Z).Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and shouldnot, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at leastone of Y or at least one of Z to each be present.

Unless otherwise explicitly stated, articles such as “a” or “an” shouldgenerally be interpreted to include one or more described items.Accordingly, phrases such as “a device configured to” are intended toinclude one or more recited devices. Such one or more recited devicescan also be collectively configured to carry out the stated recitations.For example, “a processor configured to carry out recitations A, B andC” can include a first processor configured to carry out recitation Aworking in conjunction with a second processor configured to carry outrecitations B and C.

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout novel features as applied to various embodiments, it will beunderstood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in theform and details of the devices or algorithms illustrated can be madewithout departing from the spirit of the disclosure. As will berecognized, certain aspects of the embodiments described herein can beembodied within a form that does not provide all of the features andbenefits set forth herein, as some features can be used or practicedseparately from others. The scope of certain embodiments disclosedherein is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoingdescription. All changes which come within the meaning and range ofequivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: undercontrol of a hardware computing device configured with specificcomputer-executable instructions, accessing a first color image providedby a source for inclusion in an electronic catalog; determining a colorname for individual colors associated with at least a portion of thefirst color image based at least in part on color name popularityinformation; and adding at least one determined color name to metadataassociated with the first color image based, at least in part, on adetermination that the at least one determined color name is notincluded in the metadata associated with the first color image andbased, at least in part, on a comparison of metadata associated with thecolor name popularity information and the metadata associated with thefirst color image, wherein the comparison does not include a comparisonof color names.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, whereinthe color name popularity information is obtained from a color namesurvey.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprisingtransmitting a notification based, at least in part, on a determinationthat a color name included in the metadata associated with the firstcolor image does not correspond to the determined color name for arespective color in the first color image.
 4. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1 further comprising deleting a color name included inthe metadata associated with the first color image if a color nameincluded in the metadata associated with the first color image metadatadoes not correspond to the determined color name for a respective colorin the first color image.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1further comprising storing a mismatch indication in the metadataassociated with the first color image if a color name included in themetadata associated with the first color image does not correspond tothe determined color name for a respective color in the first colorimage.
 6. A system comprising: a non-transitory, computer-readable datastore configured to at least store computer-executable instructions; anda hardware processor in communication with the data store, the hardwareprocessor configured to execute the computer-executable instructions toat least: access a first color image provided by a source for inclusionin an electronic catalog; determine one or more color names forindividual colors associated with at least a portion of the first colorimage based at least in part on color name popularity information; andadd at least one determined color name of one or more determined colornames to metadata associated with the first color image based, at leastin part, on a determination that the at least one determined color nameis not included in the metadata associated with the first color imageand based, at least in part, on a comparison of color name metadataassociated with the color name popularity information and the metadataassociated with the first color image, wherein the comparison does notinclude a comparison of color names.
 7. The system of claim 6, whereinthe color name popularity information is obtained from a color namesurvey.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the color name survey includesthe color name metadata, wherein the color name metadata is associatedwith individual color names in the color name survey, and wherein thecolor name metadata includes at least one of a calendar date, a season,or a geographic location of a user voting on popularity of a color name.9. The system of claim 6, wherein the hardware processor is furtherconfigured to execute the computer-executable instructions to at least:determine a first color palette from the first color image, wherein thefirst color palette is associated with first color palette metadata. 10.The system of claim 9, wherein the hardware processor is furtherconfigured to execute the computer-executable instructions to at least:add at least one determined color name of the one or more determinedcolor names to the first color palette metadata based, at least in part,on a determination that the at least one determined color name is notincluded in the metadata associated with the first color palette. 11.The system of claim 6, wherein the hardware processor is furtherconfigured to execute the computer-executable instructions to at leasttransmit a notification based, at least in part, on a determination thata color name included in the metadata associated with the color imagedoes not correspond to the determined color name for a respective colorin the color image.
 12. The system of claim 6, wherein the hardwareprocessor is further configured to execute the computer-executableinstructions to at least delete a color name included in the metadataassociated with the color image if a color name included in the metadataassociated with the color image does not correspond to the determinedcolor name for a respective color in the color image.
 13. The system ofclaim 6, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to executethe computer-executable instructions to at least store a mismatchindication in the metadata associated with the color image if a colorname included in the metadata associated with the color image does notcorrespond to the determined color name for a respective color in thecolor image.
 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumstoring computer-executable instructions that when executed by aprocessor perform operations comprising: accessing a first color imageprovided by a source for inclusion in an electronic catalog; determiningone or more color names for individual colors associated with at least aportion of the first color image based at least in part on color namepopularity information; and updating metadata associated with the colorimage based, at least in part, on a comparison of the one or moredetermined color names and the metadata associated with the color imageand based, at least in part, on a comparison of color name metadataassociated with the color name popularity information and the metadataassociated with the color image, wherein the comparison does not includea comparison of color names.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 14, wherein the color name popularityinformation is obtained from a color name survey.
 16. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the color namesurvey includes the color name metadata, wherein the color name metadatais associated with individual color names in the color name survey, andwherein the color name metadata includes at least one of a calendardate, a season, or a geographic location of a user voting on popularityof a color name.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumof claim 14, the operations further comprising determining a first colorpalette from the first color image, wherein the first color palette isassociated with first color palette metadata.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 17, the operations furthercomprising updating the first color palette metadata based at least inpart on a comparison of the one or more determined color names and themetadata associated with the color palette.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14, the operations furthercomprising deleting a color name included in the metadata associatedwith the color image if a color name included in the metadata associatedwith the color palette does not correspond to the one or more determinedcolor names corresponding to the color image.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14, the operations furthercomprising storing a mismatch indication in the metadata associated withthe color image if a color name included in the metadata associated withthe color image does not correspond to the determined color name for arespective color in the color image.